Emily Brontes Wuthering Heights Mental Illness and Feminism

Psychoanalytical View of Wuthering Heights Mental illness was viewed as being a self-inflicted disease during the time period Wuthering Heights was written in (Bloomfield 298). Many of the characters suffer from a form of mental illness, but not all of them can be seen as self-inflicted. Most of the illnesses are inflicted by the death of other characters. After Hindley’s wife dies in his arms, he becomes an alcoholic and foreshadows his own death due to his destructive behavior (Bloomfield 291). Hindley’s terminal alcoholism changes his personality, and gambling causes him to lose everything he possessed; including his son. He uses alcohol to suppress the sadness of losing his wife (Bloomfield 295). Hindley’s behavior and alcoholic†¦show more content†¦Catherine dies two hours after prematurely delivering her daughter. This was caused by a highly emotional conversation with Heathcliff (Bloomfield 295). Catherine was set up for a mental illness based on how the upper class women were seen d uring the Victorian Era. Catherine’s death would have been seen as a mark from the devil because of her seizures and delirium were seen as punishment (Bloomfield 297). Catherine’s ID, Ego, and Super-Ego were constantly battling each other, eventually driving her to insanity. Catherine’s death changes the plot of the story and Heathcliff’s life (Bloomfield 291). Heathcliff has an obsession with Catherine, and undergoes emotional stress after her death (Bloomfield 291). His unsympathetic personality is also a trait of his mental disorder (Bloomfield 297). Heathcliff’s obsession can be classified as Monomania, he is fixed on one idea to the extent of physical and mental destruction (Bloomfield 295). Heathcliff lets hid ID take over instead of suppressing his instinctual feelings. Heathcliff becomes reckless and self-destructive and develops psychotic depression, he then retreats to Catherine’s room to die (Bloomfield 291). Throughout th e novel it seems as though Heathcliff completely ignores his Ego and Super-Ego, and lives only by his ID. Emily Bronte uses mental illness in her characters and their death to alter the plot of Wuthering Heights. All of the characters fit into periodically correct illnesses, but the focusShow MoreRelatedEmily Brontes Wuthering Heights: Mental Illness and Feminism1663 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary work. Wuthering Heights is a great example of a book with its own hidden secrets that can surface with a little research. Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights depicts the oppression of women from mentally unstable individuals. Overview of Author Emily Bronte was born in Yorkshire, England on July 30, 1818 (â€Å"Emily Jane Bronte 1), to a family dedicated to literature (â€Å"Emily Jane Bronte† 2). Education was also important to the Bronte family, but it always seemed to take a pause for Emily due to family

Exploring The Idea Of The Baroque Art Era - 1331 Words

For my Installation piece I have decided to explore the idea of The Baroque Art Era. The Baroque is a period of artistic style that concentrated on exaggerated processes and lavish designs. Starting in Rome in the early 1600’s, The Baroque style began after the Roman Church was in the middle of monumental internal reform, attempting to address the representation of the arts within the society of the time. They believed that a change in the way art was delivered to the masses was necessary to reach a larger audience. The Council of Trent believed that the paintings and sculptures in the church needed to appeal to the masses and therefore their context and story should be able to speak to the illiterate and not just the well-educated and informed. This consequently saw the style turn deliberately from the witty, intellectual characteristics of the 16th century Mannerist art, to a more internal appeal aimed at the senses. It created an art that was direct, simple and obvious but theatrical. Swiss Art Historian, Heinrich Wolffin defined The Baroque as â€Å"the age where the oval replaced the circle as the center of the composition and the colouristic and â€Å"painterly† effects began to become more prominent†. Examples of Baroque paintings and designs can be seen in Peitro da Cortona’s works, including the Glorification of the Reign of Urban VIII created in 1633. His use of dynamic composition, irrational lighting, dramatic gestures and poses, and miraculous effects accentuate theShow MoreRelatedLandscapes Through The Ages By Claude Lorrain s Seaport With The Embarkation Of The Queen Of Sheba Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesLandscaping Landscapes: Exploring the Creation of Landscapes since the 17th century to the Modern Era From the 1600s to present day, landscapes have evolved in color and style. As the Baroque era incorporated stories and modern landscape photography focuses on color and subject, landscape artistry has changed as new movements of art and history occur. A proposed exhibition of landscapes includes Claude Lorrain’s Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba, Van Gogh’s Long Grass with ButterfliesRead MoreThe History Of Western Music1381 Words   |  6 PagesHistory of Western Music Throughout history all cultures have been influenced by music. Before the Baroque era in music there were many forms of western music. Most of this music was monophonic, sung in chant used mostly for religious purposes. During the previous millennia most music was sung in chant form with very little accompaniment, save a harp or a violin. In these times music was a simple art, sung by the people to praise the Lord. 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They have the singularRead MoreTexas Rangers13480 Words   |  54 Pagesjacket. † sort of scientific curriculum.However(and this shows his complex personality),he always seemed to have the feeling that the opposite orientation---a curriculum based upon the liberal arts(literature,history,art)---would have somehow suited him better!*1 The tension between a scientific,mathematical back-ground and a historical-artistic predisposition formed the antipodes of Hoeslis professional career,As we shall see,they prefigure a life-long

Depression in Elderly

Question: Discuss about the Depression in Elderly. Answer: Introduction Every individual has self- identity; self- respect, self- dignity and self- esteem in their life as it values a person. If any of these values are affected, it may lead to the development of negative imaging about self that lowers self- esteem resulting in anxious or depressive disorders (Orth, 2012[i]).The same is observed in Mrs. X with depression who is residing at an aged- care home. I have conducted an in- depth interview (face- to- face) with Mrs. X who is an 80-year old woman and explored her perceptions about life and found that Mrs. X shows depressive symptoms. She was reluctant to share her views with interviewer. Her self- esteem seems to have affected making her to think to be powerless as well as less competent about them. In addition to that, poor self- esteem acts as a risk factor to develop depression, which is one of the common disorders affecting the older people. This case study explains about the problems of Mrs. X, theories of ageing related to depression, models of care to control depression and strategies of care to overcome her problems. Overview of the topic It is evident from the world statistics that there is constant increase in the population of elderly because of advanced science as well as technology and enhanced life expectancy (Park, 2014[ii]). The needs of the elderly people have increased due to the changes in demographic with scientific profile and if they are not met appropriately, they may result in unexpected consequences such as depression, anxiety, dementia, insomnia, etc (Steiger, 2014[iii]). According to Australian- Bureau of statistics (2008[iv]), depression is one of the most common disorders of elderly affecting nearly one million people in Australia. An Australian study conducted by Pirkis et al (2009[v]) suggests that the prevalence rate of depression was found to be 8.2% (in a sample of 22,252 people) in community- living elderly people which is lower than that of the prevalence rate of depression with 34.7% in the elderly residing in residential aged- care homes (Snowdon, 2008)[vi]. These findings imply that depr ession is most common in elderly, which is examined in the following case study. Case study Mrs. X, 80 year old woman who was residing in aged- care home was interviewed. Her inner feelings, perceptions and esteem level were analyzed. During interview, she was found to have lost her husband recently and is alone. She was cared by her daughter who visits her once in fortnight. She has feelings of isolation and loneliness. She belongs to a middle- class and was living in the aged-care home for past one month. She was a staff nurse and had 7 siblings. She was having diabetes mellitus, hypertension, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and ischemic- stroke. At the time of interview, she was assessed to have inability to express her emotions and feels reluctant to share her views. She feels inferior and is hesitant to interact with other people because of her disabilities. Mrs. X always feels unworthy and has no meaning for life. She curses herself because of her inability. She feels isolated and no one supports and encourages her to perform activities. Interconnectedness of literature with Mrs. X Several reasons for developing depression has been described in the literature that includes lonely or isolated feeling, medical illnesses (dementia, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease), side effects of certain medications (Tab. Prednisolone), mental or physical disabilities, societal causes, economically low status and cultural causes as stigma, un-married or feeling shame (Zhang, 2014[vii],Fairfax, 2014[viii]).This is similar to Mrs. X having feelings of isolation and loneliness because of her husbands death that has lead to depression. Her chronic physical conditions such as diabetes- mellitus, hypertension, PMR and ischemic- stroke and their treatment modalities might have contributed to her development of depression. Moreover, PMR has lead to features as joint- stiffness in shoulder- girdle, pelvic girdle, etc, muscle pain, fatigue, anorexia, weakness with decreased joint- movements that had lead to immobility issues causing difficulty in performing daily activities. In addi tion to that, intake of Tab. Prednisolone for several years to control PMR has contributed to her depressive condition (Zukerman, 2013[ix]). Persons with depression are at increased risk for denial by family members and care- givers and might have tendency to feel withdrawn. This might affect the inter-personal interactions leading to declined attachment, reduced support and satisfaction with family relations. Finally, this depression might lead to develop challenging behavior that is characterized by the behavior of a person that puts themselves or others (care- takers) at risk and leading to a poor quality- of- life. Theories related to ageing and depression Various theories were quoted in the literature that relates ageing of a person with depression. According to damage or error theories, not only a single mechanism but rather multiple mechanisms are involved in the deterioration of normal cell function and reduction of normal responses to stressors contributing to various chronic diseases and death. This is similar to Mrs. X with chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and ischemic- stroke that has lead to the development of depression (Jin, 2010[x]). Additionally, she has features of PMR as joint- stiffness, muscle pain, tiredness, anorexia, weakness along with reduced movements in joints that has lead to immobility problems causing difficulty in performing daily activities. Further, the disabilities caused by her multiple diseases, has increased her stress and made her to dependent on others for support. This has increased her feelings of worthlessness, insomnia, etc causing depressive feelings. According to disengagement theory, the persons will start withdrawing as well as isolating from social interaction as the age increases. It adds that growing older leads to decline in certain degree of discontinuity of a person from previous life activities and experiences leading to physical with mental alterations which are evident in Mrs. X with physical (multiple diseases) and mental (depression) disorders. According to immunological theory, the functions of immune- system are gradually declined as age increases leading to increased risk for diseases such as hypertension, Alzheimers disease, PMR, cancer, cardiac- vascular diseases, etc causing depression which is evident in Mrs. X with multiple chronic diseases. The cross- linking theory suggests that when a persons age increases, the cross- linked proteins might be accumulated causing injuries to the cells as well as tissues leading to the slowing down of bodily functions resulting in inability to carry out activities. This is evident in Mrs. X as she is 80- years old with gradual reduction in her bodily processes leading to inability to perform her daily- care activities, which has lead to the feelings of inability, powerlessness, hopelessness and worthlessness causing withdrawn and depressed. Based on structured- dependency theory, societal aspects such as retirement, institutionalism and loss of personal as well as societal roles may increase the dependency of elderly on care- takers leading to the feelings of inability causing depression. The same has happened in Mrs. X who is a retired staff nurse and is institutionalized in this residential- care home shows the feelings of depression as lack of interest in life, hopelessness, helplessness, etc (Jin, 2010x). Person- centered care The person- centered care is the best care approach to manage depression which involves providing individualized care to Mrs. X based on her needs, wishes, believes with preferences. Few studies suggests that the person-centered care might help to decrease the symptoms of depression in Mrs. X. Person-centered approach involves valuing others, giving respect, enabling social-relationships, enabling choices, providing opportunities to her to stimulate as well as recognize Mrs. X as a whole (Stokes, 2007[xi]). A plan of care and support with her choices of care was drawn after identifying her care needs. Mrs. X has experienced a greater degree of loneliness and isolation. It is due to various reasons as loss of spouse, living alone, lack of support, relocating to care agencies and inability to perform activities due to physical as well as psychological limitations. Additionally, ageing is inversely related to networking, size of network, primary- group network and interactions with netw ork- members (Cornwell, 2009[xii]). Therefore, these factors were determined at the initial stage to prevent further consequences in Mrs. X. Various strategies were developed to promote psychological health of Mrs. X based on her issue. In regard to Mrs. X, I have gathered all the residents of home in a group and I have given an exercise and allowed them to talk and share their views that were found to be highly effective. Varied positive methods were taught to both Mrs. X and care-givers to enhance their self- esteem (Jang, 2014[xiii]). It was observed that depression is highly contagion and it easily spreads from one to another in regard to both health and their productivity (Cuijpers, 2012)[xiv]. Hence, her care-takers were educated about the relationship between the methods to tackle depression. Physical exercise was given to control depression. Moreover, health promotional and prevention activities and strategies were developed to focus on Mrs. X to control depression (Lai, 2008)[xv]. It is evident from the literature that multiple strategies are needed to handle depression. They include educational, psychological, pharmacological psycho- therapeutic, dietary interventions and life style modifications. Psychotherapies such as cognitive- behavioral, supportive, group, family, reassurance, inter- personal psychotherapy with drugs (imipramine) were given to Mrs. X to decrease depression. The core components of collaborative- management programs were framed to focus Mrs. X that includes measurement-related care, tar get-treatment as well as stepped- care. These approaches might promote client satisfaction and outcomes (Unutzer, 2012)[xvi]. Legal and ethical issues Various issues has to be considered while caring elderly persons. Autonomy is considered as the most important ethical aspect in caring elderly of Western societies. This involves giving complete independence and freedom to elderly to take decisions about their treatment, care choices and other life decisions based on their own desire (Vanlaere,2007[xvii]). They should be treated with dignity and respect. The following ethical principles has to be followed while caring an elderly person such as treating them as a person, respecting their confidentiality, treating them fairly and equally and respecting their basic rights. Recommendations In regard to Mrs. X, it is recommended to encourage, educate and counsel such clients to promote their trust and self- confidence. They should be given with enough space to help them to interact with others even in external circle to share their emotions with friends, colleagues and family members. It might promote their self-confidence and esteem giving them a chance to control depression. The elderly organizations should develop community- care and societal support- networks to implement preventative programs for depression in older aged people. These types of programs might introduce positivity in the minds of older people and help them to behave positively with relatives and help them to gain some meaning in their life. Additionally, Nation- wide laws and policies could be developed in regard to rights of elderly people to make people bound to care the elderly population as well as to solve their issues (Lai, 2008xv). Moreover, the risk factors for getting depression in elderly such as disturbed sleep, isolated feelings, elder abuse, physical disabilities due to chronic neurological disorders, etc should be clearly determined. Further research is needed to generalize the etiology for depression in elderly. This approach might improve the focus on prevention and interventional strategies and enhance collaboration between various sub areas of its prevention (Cuijpers, 2012xiv). A characteristic in regard to resilience in depressive patients is needed to focus on targets for resilience- promotional interventions (Southwick, 2005[xviii]).Cognitive- psychological regulatory strategies to re-focus planning, lesser rumination and reassessment might help in the resilience of elderly with depressive disorders. Conclusion Depression is the most common disorders in elderly people because of multiple etiologies. The case study of Mrs. X with depression is analyzed and various models and theories were used to explain the relation of ageing with depression. These models will help to develop management and prevention strategies to develop self- confidence and trustful relationship of older people who is most needed for society. Elderly should be counseled and encouraged to overcome depression. Social isolation will totally make a person to loss interest in life and hence family, group and cognitive therapies should be given to promote their interest References Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing: Summary of Results (4326.0). Canberra: ABS. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4326.0 Cornwell, E.Y. Waite, L.J. (2009).Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and health among older adults: J Health Soc. Behav. 50: 31-48. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19413133 Cuijpers. P., Beekman, A.T. Reynolds, C.F. (2012).Preventing depression: a global priority: JAMA. 307: 1033-1034. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22416097 Fairfax, C.N. (2014).Social Work, Marriage, and Ethnicity: Policy and Practice: J Human Behav Soc. Environ. 24:83-91. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/.../272123480_Social_Work_Marriage_and_Ethnicity_Poli... Jang, J.M. (2014).Predictors of suicidal ideation in a community sample: roles of anger, self-esteem, and depression: Psychiatry Res. 216: 74-81. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24507544 Jin, K. (2010). Modern Biological Theories of Aging: Aging Dis. 1(2): 7274. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov NCBI Literature PubMed Central (PMC) Lai, D.W Surood, S. (2008).Predictors of depression in aging South Asian Canadians: J Cross Cult Gerontol. 23: 57-75. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17990088 Orth, U. (2012).Life-span development of self-esteem and its effects on important life outcomes: J PersSocPsychol. 102: 1271-1288. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21942279 Park, S.H. (2014). Effects of exercise programs on depressive symptoms, quality of life, and self-esteem in older people: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials: Appl. Nurses Research. 27:219-226. Retrieved from https://lib.ajaums.ac.ir/booklist/ARN195.pdf Pirkis, J et al. (2009). The community prevalence of depression in older Australians: Journal of Affective Disorders. 115: 54-60. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18817976 Snowdon, J. Fleming, R. (2008). Recognizing depression in residential facilities: An Australian challenge: International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 23: 295-300. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17879253 Southwick, S.M. (2005).The psychobiology of depression and resilience to stress: implications for prevention and treatment: Annu Rev ClinPsychol. 1: 255-291. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17716089 Steiger, A.E., Allemand, M., Robins, R.W Fend, H.A. (2014).Low and decreasing self-esteem during adolescence predict adult depression two decades later: J PersSocPsychol. 106: 325-338. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24467425 Stokes. (2007). Challenging Behavior in Dementia: A person-centered approach. Brackley: Speech mark. Unutzer, J. Park, M. (2012).Strategies to improve the management of depression in primary care: Prim Care. 39: 415-431. Vanlaere,L. (2007). Care for suicidal older people: current clinicalethical considerations: J Med Ethics. 33(7): 376381. doi:10.1136/jme.2006.017897 Zhang, L. (2014).Self-esteem as mediator and moderator of the relationship between stigma perception and social alienation of Chinese adults with disability: Disabil Health J. 7: 119-123. Retrieved from https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/24411516 Zukerman, E. Ingelfinger, J. (2013).Coping with Prednisone, Revised and Updated. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.in/books?isbn=1466845317

Economic Development and Peculiar Observations †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Economic Development and Peculiar Observations. Answer: Introduction This WSQ framework is a national credentialing system and it helps in the training, assessment and development of the key competencies which companies try to find in their employees. These are based on the national standard developed by WDA (Singapore Workforce Development Agency). This paper will highlight how WSQ framework addresses the challenges which are brought out by VUCA environment. VUCA helps in retaining a clear vision against the judgments which are made with appropriate responses and flexibility (Toh, 2017). The Singapore Workforce Skills Qualifiaction(WSQ) system is a long-term education and training scheme which is designed for the matured workers and it complements with the prescribed education process of the students. This training programme is available to all workers and it does not involve any academic qualifications. Some key components of WSQ framework are the competency map, qualifications framework, curriculum ,competency standards, training and assessment guide (Reeves Reeves, 2015). The qualifications which are required for WSQ represents the various achievements which are necessary for the learning outcomes and this are generally identified as the set of competencies for different levels in the workplace. These qualifications cover multiple competency units and there are generally certain levels of WSQ qualifications. There are more than 30 Singapore WSQ and they are categorized mainly into two broad aspects i.e. industry and occupational skills and foundation skills. The courses are delivered through WDA Approved Training Organizations (ATO) or Continuing Education and Training Centers (CET) centers (Bennett Lemoine, 2014). The concept of VUCA was introduced in the early 90s and it was characterized by volatility, complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity. The concept of VUCA took off after the financial crisis of 2008 and 2009. The various concepts of VUCA described the business environment. Due to volatility, there may be certain increase in the four dimensions i.e. type, speed, volume and scale. Moreover, as a result of uncertainty it becomes difficult to predict the future (Chawla Lenka, 2017). Due to complexity, there may be widespread confusion and there is no clear connection between the cause and effect and thus it affects the organizations. In case of ambiguity, there will be lack of precision and the multiple meanings of the various terms will lead to confusion in the business environment. It becomes difficult to predict the future as the options are increasing exponentially and it is becomes difficult to predict the options. VUCA environment also focuses on what is possible rather than what is l ikely to occur in the future (Bennett Lemoine, 2014). The WSQ assesses, develops, trains and recognizes individuals on the basis of certain key competencies that the organizations or the companies look in the potential employees. This is designed to be more practical, affordable and accessible for the individuals to take the responsibility of their own advancements and careers. WSQ is regarded as a powerful business tool which is designed for the employees so as to maintain a skilled workforce (Ee Chang, 2015). It also enhances the advances and the competitive edge in business. WSQ also meets certain challenges of VUCA by following the national competency frameworks for the people and the management body. It also gives greater access to certain forms of modular competencies which are based on training and thus it leads to well recognized HR qualifications and certificates (Sung et al., 2013). WSQ is designed to benchmark the capabilities of corporate leadership and it provides a roadmap for the development and training of leadership (E vans, 2015). WSQ through the assistance of VUCA allows the individual to gain formal recognition of the various competencies within the recognized framework. The manpower cost can also be reduced if there is flexibility in the work options (Sarkar Sarkar, 2016). Certain practices can be adopted by the management and thus it will be beneficial for the employees. The employees do not valued or engaged if the labor market is given much more importance. Thus, it can be said that the competencies which are required in performing the various functions in the organization will reflect the deliverables and activities which are important for the organization to achieve so that they fulfill the goals. This also creates professionalism of the industries to progress the global competitiveness and also different avenues for the workers to enter different industries (Gaba Mishra, 2016). Conclusion Thus, it can be said that WSQ framework is designed for benchmarking the corporate leadership capabilities and it provides a roadmap for the leaders. It also enables the leaders and the managers to keep the information up-to- the- mark with the trends and processes through peer and structure learning. Therefore, formal recognition of the various competencies is important within the recognized framework. References Bennett, N., Lemoine, G. J. (2014). What a difference a word makes: Understanding threats to performance in a VUCA world.Business Horizons,57(3), 311-317. Bennett, N., Lemoine, J. (2014). What VUCA really means for you. Chawla, S., Lenka, U. (2017). Leadership for a VUCA Landscape: Transforming Indian Higher Educational Institutes into Learning Organizations for Success. Ee, J., Chang, A. (Eds.). (2015).Preparing youths for the workplace. World Scientific. Evans, K. (2015). 2-DEVELOPING THE CREATIVE POTENTIAL OF THE WORKFORCE: RETHINKING THE PART THAT WORK-BASED LEARNING CAN PLAY.Towards a new understanding of workplace learning: the context of. Gaba, A. K., Mishra, S. (2016). Skill Development through MOOC for Inclusive and Sustainable Development: A Review of Policies in the Asian Commonwealth Countries. Reeves, T. C., Reeves, P. M. (2015). Educational Technology Research in a VUCA World.Educational Technology,55(2), 26-30. Sarkar, A., Sarkar, A. (2016). We live in a VUCA World: the importance of responsible leadership.Development and Learning in Organizations: An International Journal,30(3), 9-12. Sung, J., Ng, M. C. M., Loke, F., Ramos, C. (2013). The nature of employability skills: empirical evidence from Singapore.International Journal of Training and Development,17(3), 176-193. Toh, M. H. (2017). Singaporean economic development and peculiar observations on saving, labour share, productivity and current account surplus.Institutions and Economies, 101-130.